Group+2

= __Cultu﻿re __ =



" Culture is the total range of activities and ideas of a group of people with shared traditions, which are transmitted and reinforced by members of the group". culture. (n.d.) //The American Heritage® Dictionary of the English Language, Fourth Edition//. (2003). Retrieved September 1 2010 from [|http://www.thefree] [|dictionary.com/culture]

**Culture is an accumulation of knowledge and experiences that define particular groups or an individual's behavior, beliefs and values. Culture is being part of a particular social, ethnic, o****r age group. An example could be, but not limited to, pop culture because things that happen in the media affects a l****ot of the youth today. The youth of today are influenced by what is popular at the moment and it shapes who they become.**

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=3iCVUNGiN-I&feature=related
 * The following link is to a video of a brief definition of culture and breaking it down into three dimensions:**



Culture is also a feeling we may possess. We sometimes convince ourselves that the more genres of music, books, movies, and theater we expose ourselves to makes us "cultured". Mistakenly, this can give us the feeling that we are better than, or more intelligent, than others. When in reality, this is furthest from the truth.



Folk Culture:
Folk culture refers to the localized lifestyle of a culture. It is usually handed down through oral tradition, relates to a sense of community, and demonstrates the "old ways" over novelty. Folk culture is quite often imbued with a sense of place. If its elements are copied by, or removed to, a foreign locale, they will still carry strong connotations of their original place of creation. Folk culture. (n.d.) //TheFreeDictionary.com//. (2010). Retrieved September 8 2010 from [|__http://encyclopedia.thefreedictionary.com/folk+culture__] An example of folk culture would be Louisiana Creole cuisine, music, and language .



Mass Culture:
Mass Culture is the culture that is widely disseminated via the mass media. mass culture. (n.d.) //WordNet 3.0, Farlex clipart collection//. (2003-2008). Retrieved September 8 2010 from [|__http://www.thefreedictionary.com/mass+culture__] An example of mass culture is a fashion trend like skinny jeans or hairstyles.



In 1947, sociologists Theodor Adorno and Max Horkheimer coined the phrase "culture industry", which is the products and processes of "mass culture" (Storey, p.27). They stated mass culture produced dull conformity, where the masses are pulled into a "circle of manipulation and retroactive need." This was exemplified in "Merchants of Cool" (Rushkoff, 2001, [|www.pbs.org]), in which the multi-billion dollar teen industry is driving what's cool. Then once something is in the mainstream, it is quickly killed, as the intent is to keep styles fresh and new. The trick of being cool is being ahead of the pack.

Primary Source:
A primary source is a document or physical object which was written or created during the time under study. These sources were present during an experience or time period and offer an inside view of a particular event. Some primary resources can be:
 * Original Documents: Diaries, speeches, manuscripts, lectures, newspapers, interviews, autobiographies, official records
 * Creative Work: Poetry, novels, music
 * Relics or Artifacts: Clothing, buildings, furniture, pottery

Primary vs Secondary Sources. (n.d.). //Princeton University - Welcome//. Retrieved September 15, 2010, from http://www.princeton.edu/~refd

Secondary Source: ==== A secondary source interprets and analyzes primary sources. These sources are one or more steps removed from the event. Secondary sources may have pictures, quotes or graphics of primary sources in them. Some types of seconday sources include: ====
 * Publications: Textbooks, magazine articles, histories, criticisms, commentaries, encyclopedias
 * A journal/magazine article which interprets or reviews previous findings
 * A history textbook
 * A book about the effects of WWI

Primary vs Secondary Sources. (n.d.). //Princeton University - Welcome//. Retrieved September 15, 2010, from http://www.princeton.edu/~refd



Newspapers can be used as both Primary and Secondary sources. This YouTube video explains how <span style="display: block; font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 16px; line-height: 24px;">:

media type="youtube" key="18QjpURmVF0?fs=1" height="229" width="288"

<span style="color: #0053ff; font-family: 'Lucida Sans Unicode','Lucida Grande',sans-serif; font-size: 36px; line-height: 54px;">**Hegemony**

**Hegemony** is the preponderant influence or authority over others and the social, cultural, ideological, or economic influence exerted by a dominant group. In lesser terms, hegemony is the way in which those in power maintain their control. Dominant ideologies are considered hegemonic. Power in society is maintained by constructing ideologies, which are usually promoted through mass media. Ideology:
 * A belief system constructed and presented by a media text
 * Can be presented in a "false consciousness" in the interest of the powerful

Dominant Ideologies:
 * Capitalism
 * Patriotism
 * Marriage and Family
 * Male Superiority

<span style="display: block; font-family: Verdana,Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 11px; line-height: normal;">Hegemony. (n.d.). Merriam-Webster. Retrieved September 28, 2010, from http://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/hegemony

Originating from the same concept of hegemony is **cultural hegemony**-- the concept that a culturally-diverse society can be ruled or dominated by one of it's social classes (the ruling class). <span style="display: block; font-family: Verdana,Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 11px; line-height: normal;">Cultural hegemony - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia. (n.d.).Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia. Retrieved September 28, 2010, from http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cultural_hegemony


 * Some examples of Hegemony:**

<span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 12px; line-height: normal;"><span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 12px; line-height: 17px;">Everyday behaviors that keep governments in power:
 * <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 12px; line-height: 17px;">People hanging flags from their homes
 * <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 12px; line-height: 17px;">People rising and removing their hats when the national anthem is sung
 * <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 12px; line-height: 17px;">People celebrating a country's independence day with parades and picnics

<span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 12px; line-height: 17px;">Everyday behaviors that keep corporations in power: <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 12px; line-height: normal;"><span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 12px; line-height: 17px;">Everyday behaviors that keep patriarchy in power: //<span style="font-family: Verdana,Geneva,sans-serif; font-size: 80%;">Rockler-Gladen, N. (2008, April 29). Hegemony and media stuides. Retrieved from http://www.suite101.com/content/hegemony-and-media-studies-a52278 //
 * <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 12px; line-height: 17px;">People wearing designer clothing
 * <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 12px; line-height: 17px;">People shopping at chains instead of local stores
 * <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 12px; line-height: 17px;">Schools serving fast food in cafeterias
 * <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 12px; line-height: 17px;">Women displaying huge diamond engagement rings.
 * <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 12px; line-height: 17px;">People celebrating days that have been manufactured by Hallmark, like Grandparent's Day
 * <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 12px; line-height: 17px;">Women taking their husbands' last names.
 * <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 12px; line-height: 17px;">Fathers "giving away" their daughters during wedding ceremonies.
 * <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 12px; line-height: 17px;">The use of words such as "man" as gender neutral.

Pop art was one of the major movements of the 20th century. It emerged almost simultaneously, but separately, in the United Kingdom and the United States. The term itself was coined by Lawrence Alloway in the late 1950's to refer to based on popular culture and the power of images. Pop art reached its peak in the 1960's and can be seen as one of the first manifestations of post moderism.

Andy Warhol is probably the best know American Pop Artist, and his images of every day objects as in his ‘Campbell’s Soup Can’s’ and popular icons in his numerous reproductions of ‘Marilyn Monroe’. Roy Lichtensetin used the medium of comics for his well know works such as ‘Whaam’ and ‘Drowning Girl’.Other big names in American pop art include Jasper Johns, Robert Rauschenberg, Jim Dine and James Rosenquist. <span style="font-family: Verdana,Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 11px; line-height: normal;">Pop Art definition. (n.d.). //High quality art prints & limited edition art with free delivery//. Retrieved November 3, 2010, from http://www.artrepublic.com/art_terms/17-pop-art.html